ADVERBS
Positions of an Adverb:
An adverb that modifies an adjective ("quite sad") or
another adverb ("very carelessly") appears immediately in
front of the word it modifies. An adverb that modifies a verb is generally more
flexible: it may appear before or after the verb it modifies ("softly
sang" or "sang softly"), or it may appear at the
beginning of the sentence ("Softly she sang to the baby").
The position of the adverb may have an effect on the meaning of the sentence.
Functions of an Adverb:
Adverbs typically add information about
time (
rarely,
frequently, tomorrow),
manner (
slowly,
quickly, willingly), or
place (
here,
there, everywhere) in addition to a wide range of other meanings.
Forms of an Adverb:
Many adverbs--especially adverbs of manner--are formed from
adjectives by the
addition of the ending
-ly (
easily,
dependably). But many common adverbs (
just,
still, almost, not) do
not end in
-ly, and not all words
that end in
-ly (
friendly, neighborly) are adverbs. See
"Observations," below.
Examples:
1. "To travel hopefully is
a better thing than to arrive."
(Robert Louis Stevenson)
2. "War puts its questions stupidly,
peace mysteriously."
(Andre Malraux)
3. "Elmer Gantry was drunk. He was
eloquently drunk, lovingly and pugnaciously drunk."
(Sinclair Lewis, Elmer Gantry, 1927)
4. "I will not torment the emotionally
frail."
(Bart Simpson, The Simpsons)
5. "Life is that which--pressingly,
persistently, unfailingly, imperially--interrupts."
(Cynthia Ozick, "Pear Tree and Polar Bear," Esquire, August
1985)
©
NEGATIVE
·
Either – Neither
Either or
neither di gunakan untuk menggabungkan kalimat negative.
[S1 +
auxiliary not + V + O dan S2 + auxiliary not + either / neither
+ auxiliary
+ S2]
Neither =
not either, oleh karenanya setelah auxiliary tidak, tidak disertai „not‟lagi.
Example:
- They do
not come late
- Brian does
not come late
- They do
not come late and Brian does not either / neither does Brian
Kalimat
pertanyaan pertama yang mengandung kata: never, seldom, rarely, hardly, few and
little dianggap memiliki pengertian negative.
Example: I
seldom visit my uncle, and neither does my sister
I rarely
visit my uncle, but my sister does.
Gabungan Setara
Bilamana
kata „either‟ dan „neither‟ di
ikuti oleh „or‟ dan „nor‟kata kerja/ auxiliarynya mungkin
singular atau pun plural (jamak) bergantung pada kata setelah „or‟ atau „nor‟ apakah
singular atau plural.
Kalaupun
kata „or‟ atau „nor‟ berdiri
sendiri, verb tetap di temukan oleh kata setelah „or‟ atau „nor‟.
Neither John nor Bill is going to class today
Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.
Neither John nor his friends are going to class today
rarely, hardly, barely
Rarely
adalah adverb of frequency yang menunjukkan intensitas waktu (how often)
sedangkan hardly dan barely adalah adverb of measurement yang menujukkan ke
tidakmampuan / kesulitan seseorang untukmelakukan sesuatu ketiganya mempunyai
arti yang sama.
Contoh
Marti rarely drinks coffee
(marti hampir tidak pernah minum kopi)
Do yo hardly ever get sick
(apakah kamu hampir tidak pernah
jatuh sakit?)
© Commands,
and Negative Commands
In positive commands, we use
the INFINITIVE VERB without "to" and without SUBJECT:
·
Go!
·
Look at me.
·
Help!
·
Be quiet.
·
Be good.
·
Stop talking.
·
Sit down.
·
Shut up!
·
Call the police!
·
Wait a minute.
In
negative commands, we use: "do" + "not" + INFINITIVE VERB without
"to" and without SUBJECT:
·
Don't wear that stupid hat.
·
Do not sign your name with a pencil. Sign with a pen.
·
Don't walk on the grass.
·
Don't act like an idiot.
·
Don't yell at me!
Of course there are many
words to soften a command:
·
Please repeat the question.
·
Please speak more slowly. --Thank you.
·
Tell me please, what time is it? --Thank you.
·
Excuse me, pass me the salt please. --Thanks
·
Excuse me, come this way please.
·
Pardon me, please don't smoke in the elevator.
·
Pardon me, please speak quietly, remember that you are in a hospital.
·
Hold on please.
